A partial substitution of microalgae with single cell detritus produced from seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis) for the nursery culture of tropical oyster (Crassostrea belcheri)

Oyster seed production in hatchery and nursery systems has relied on the production of microalgae, which is cost effective, but often unpredictable. The development of a satisfactory substitute diet would greatly reduce production costs of hatchery operations. Single cell detritus (SCD) production from seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis) may have great potential as a partial substitute for microalgae. In this experiment, a technique for producing SCD was developed and the product was used as a partial substitute for microalgae for the nursery culture of juvenile tropical oysters (Crassostrea belcheri) in a hatchery setting. A reverse osmosis technique was used on ground seaweed (particle size <200 μm) immersed in freshwater and placed on a shaker at 100 rpm for 2 h before being returned to seawater. This technique was shown to be highly effective for SCD production with a density of 33.7 ± 7.0 × 10⁴ cell mL^?1 and the percentage of SCD particle diameter <20 μm was 89.2%. A partial replacement of microalgae with SCD was found to be unsuitable for nursing oyster larvae. For juvenile oysters (shell width 1.85 ± 0.03 mm and shell length 1.78 ± 0.06 mm) substituting 75% of microalgae with SCD showed lower absolute shell growth, and lower daily yields and survival rates when compared to rates substituting 50% or lower substitution with SCD, or 100% microalgae (P < 0.05). It was found that substituting 50% of the traditional microalgae with SCD produced from seaweed (P. haitanensis) can be used as a partial microalgae substitute for the nursery culture of the juvenile tropical oyster.     

Phenotypic trait of Crassostrea hongkongensis♀× C. angulata♂ hybrids in southern China

The Hong Kong oyster (Crassostrea hongkongensis) and the Portuguese oyster (Crassostrea angulata) are important aquaculture species in southern China. To understand the potential feasibility of hybridization between the two species, two‐by‐two factorial cross‐experiments were conducted in Shenzhen (Guangdong province). An asymmetry in fertilization was revealed: C. hongkongensis eggs could be fertilized by C. angulata sperm, but the reciprocal cross was not possible. The fertilization and hatching success in the C. hongkongensis females × C. angulata males (HA) cross was lower than the two intraspecific crosses. Moreover, hybrid larvae had a slower growth rate than those from parental progenies due to genome incompatibility. However, the size of the spat and adult growth were greater than those of the two parental progeny, with obvious heterosis during the grow‐out stage. The survival advantage of hybrids was examined at all times. The surprising finding was that all hybrids were completely fertile, meaning they could produce normal and functional gametes. Genetic analysis by molecular markers was applied to confirm that the HA spat were true hybrids. Our results revealed that the interspecific hybridization between C. hongkongensis and C. angulata is completely successful in one direction. Furthermore, hybrids are viable, fast growing and completely fertile, which provides a promising method for the genetic improvement of oysters as a new aquaculture stock in southern China.     

葡萄牙牡蛎的净化及其低温贮藏研究

为保证生食葡萄牙牡蛎(Crassostrea angulata)的安全,在贝水比1∶10、水交换率3次/h、水温28℃、盐度28的条件下,采用流水式紫外线杀菌方法净化48 h,检测净化前后13个卫生指标的变化;净化后的牡蛎在冷藏(4℃)和冷冻(-18℃)两种条件下贮藏7 d以上;检测贮藏过程中菌落总数、大肠菌群和主要营养成分的变化。结果显示,经过48 h净化,菌落总数和大肠菌群含量均大幅下降,重金属、化学污染物等指标变化不大;两种贮藏条件下,菌落总数和大肠菌群都呈先下降再上升的变化,但始终处于安全水平内;蛋白质、脂肪、糖原含量缓慢下降,乳酸含量快速上升。研究表明,葡萄牙牡蛎在紫外线杀菌净化48 h后,至少在冷藏6 d或冷冻11 d内可以保证食品安全。     

长牡蛎3代人工选育群体的微卫星分析

进行群体选育时,因近交机率增加和有效亲本数的减少,可能导致选育群体的遗传多样性下降,进而引起选育群体的性状衰退。为监测长牡蛎人工选育群体在选育过程中的遗传差异,实验应用微卫星DNA标记对长牡蛎野生和人工3代选育群体及其基础群体的遗传多样性进行了研究。微卫星10个位点在所有群体中均表现出较高的多态性,6个群体的平均等位基因数范围为24.0～29.7个,期望和观测杂合度分别为0.925～0.956和0.724～0.809。与野生群体和基础群体相比,长牡蛎选育3代群体的平均等位基因数和等位基因丰富度略有下降,但杂合度水平未发生明显变化。哈迪—温伯格平衡(HWE)检验结果显示,60个群体—位点组合中47个群体—位点组合显著偏离HWE平衡(P<0.05)。Fis指数均为正值,平均范围0.152～0.233,表明各群体在10个位点上表现为一定程度的杂合子缺失。各群体间Fst值的范围为0.008～0.025,遗传分化程度较弱。结果表明,连续3代的人工选育尚未明显降低长牡蛎群体的遗传多样性,仍可以一定的选择压力对选育群体进行人工选育,从而保证长牡蛎的优良生长性状得到持续提高。     

乳山宫家岛以东牡蛎养殖水域秋季海—气界面CO2交换通量研究

为探讨规模化贝类养殖对海—气界面CO2交换通量的影响,选择山东乳山市宫家岛以东太平洋牡蛎养殖水域作为研究区域,根据2011年10月大面调查获得的pH、总碱度(TA)、叶绿素a等基础数据,分析了该区域表层海水溶解无机碳(DIC)体系各分量的浓度、组成比例及平面分布特征,估算了海—气界面CO2的交换通量,定量了浮游植物的固碳贡献。结果表明,秋季乳山宫家岛以东牡蛎养殖水域表层海水DIC浓度范围1 953.20～2 130.74μmol/L,平均值(2 048.73±57.19)μmol/L;HCO3-是DIC的主要成分,占88.25%;表层海水pCO2范围为220.08～262.29μatm,平均值(246.46±23.00)μatm;该区域秋季海—气界面CO2交换通量在-53.78～-21.93 mmol/(m2.d),平均值为-42.09 mmol/(m2.d),表现为强的CO2汇;该区域浮游植物的固碳强度变化范围为460.27～725.64 mg/(m2.d),平均为(593.27±91.98)mg/(m2.d),海—气界面较强烈的CO2交换通量主要由浮游植物的光合作用贡献;养殖区与对照区海—气界面CO2交换通量差异不显著,表明太平洋牡蛎呼吸、钙化生理活动释放的CO2对海—气界面CO2的交换影响不大。     

茶麸对福寿螺室内毒杀试验

[目的]为田间茶麸防治福寿螺提供依据。[方法]采用不同用量茶麸,在不同施用方法和不同温度下对福寿螺进行毒杀作用试验,探求最佳的施用方法、最经济的施用量和最好的毒杀效果。[结果]比较理想的福寿螺毒杀方法是:在气温比较高条件下(30℃以上),用开水浸泡茶麸,以2000倍的茶麸浸出液浸泡毒杀福寿螺。[结论]茶麸浸出液对福寿螺有很好的毒杀效果。     

岩牡蛎人工育苗技术的研究

于2006年对岩牡蛎Crassostrea nippona的人工育苗技术进行了初步研究。结果表明:种贝促熟时,其最佳放养密度为120个/m3;催产时,用阴干并伴随升温的方法,其催产效果较好;岩牡蛎受精卵的孵化密度在120粒/mL以下时,可获得较为理想的孵化效果;幼体培养密度为10个/mL时,其成活率和日增长率较高;幼体培育期间,将金藻和扁藻按1∶1混合投喂,培育效果较好。     

福寿螺纤维素酶基因的原核表达

[目的]研究福寿螺纤维素酶基因的原核表达。[方法]福寿螺（Ampullaria gigas）的纤维素酶基因CelAg编码含395个氨基酸的多功能纤维素酶。利用RT—PCR方法技术,从福寿螺中克隆纤维素酶基因CelAg,并构建于表达载体pET-30a（＋）上,再转化至大肠杆菌B121（DF3）,获得重组菌Ecoli BDCelAg,进行发酵并分析纤维素酶的活性。[结果]可表达出有活性的纤维素酶,酶活可达8．31U／ml。[结论]为纤维素酶基因今后的大规模生产研究奠定基础,并对纤维素的生物转化与利用的进一步研究和解决当前世界能源危机、粮食短缺和环境污染等问题具有重要的意义。